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what summarizes the human cost of the vietnam war?

The final tables reflect the acute dependence on contractors, and show that the ratio of this dependence has increased over time. Yes, to me (who served in Vietnam with the US Army for 11 months in 1970) it seemed like an utter waste of time and resources. The victory of communist regimes in Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos triggered one of the largest refugee crises in history. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) in the north was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist countries, while the United States and its anticommunist allies backed the Republic of Vietnam (ROV) in the south. have empathy for the For more information on usage, please refer to our Terms of Use. Public trust in the United States government was shattered by the Vietnam War and Watergate. Explore the final years of the war in Vietnam, which saw the United States and her Allies confront the brutal realities of loss and withdrawal from a jungle . On June 25, 1950, Kim launched a surprise invasion of South Korea. those where some times helped by the VC but the VC attacked ares around the mekondelta and around the borders of laos and cambodia. The cost of all-volunteer forces limits the total force pool. Why is it important to tell our stories? Definition of human cost in the Definitions.net dictionary. by Anthony H. Cordesman. President Lyndon Johnson dramatically escalated US involvement in the conflict, authorizing a series of intense bombing campaigns and committing hundreds of thousands of US ground troops to the fight. The program budgeting and integrated force planning efforts pioneered towards the end of the Eisenhower Administrationand put into practice in the Kennedy and Johnson Administrationshave decayed into hollow shells. Despite the later inclusion of the South Vietnamese and the NLF, the dialogue soon reached an impasse, and after a bitter 1968 election season marred by violence, Republican Richard M. Nixon won the presidency. Share Facebook Share Twitter Share. Reporting that only covers military personnel is outdated and grossly incompetent. peoples' experiences? The Presidents FY2017 budget request included $1,553.6 billion for contingency operations funded in the base budget. Feeding, supplying and paying the armies and navies was, by far, the largest expenditure of the war. Key metrics are provided for the U.S. use of airpower, showing a major rise in support of Afghan forces in CY2017. They are more than 18 times more expensive than the first Gulf War in 1991. How come there was a "Vietnam Syndrome", but it would appear as if there hasn't been any sort of "Middle East" Syndrome" (large scale mass resistance to government foreign interventions) related to all of the United States' involvement in conflicts in Iraq/Afghanistan etc.? The discussion of how activities link to a strategy is the one example of such a public budget justification in more than 15 years of official reporting on the wars. There was little that had not been bombed, blasted or shot up from roads to railways, buildings to bridges, ports to power stations. A team sent by President John F. Kennedy in 1961 to report on conditions in South Vietnam advised a build-up of American military, economic and technical aid in order to help Diem confront the Viet Cong threat. Estimated interest costs by 2050: Up to $6.5 trillion. On January 31, 1968, some 70,000 DRV forces under General Vo Nguyen Giap launched the Tet Offensive (named for the lunar new year), a coordinated series of fierce attacks on more than 100 cities and towns in South Vietnam. The war in Iraq, for example, put serious pressure on U.S. capability to properly deploy the numbers and skills needed in Afghanistan, as well as helped force use of the Reserves and National Guard. Those who argue that the United States opponents won the war cite the United States overall objectives and outcomes. an estimated 25,000 American servicemen and 757,143 Vietnamese dead about 200,000 American servicemen and an estimated 4 million Vietnamese dead 58,000 American servicemen and an estimated 1.5 million Vietnamese dead 58,000 American servicemen and an estimated 250,000 Vietnamese dead The war had cost 58,000 American and 2 million Vietnamese lives. Several charts summarize GAO criticism of the way DoD included given costs in the OCO account, and indicate that DoD may correct its reporting in the future. The figures of U.S.. A mass exodus in 1975 of people loyal to the South Vietnamese cause was followed by another wave in 1978 of boat people, refugees fleeing the economic restructuring imposed by the communist regime. By the end of 1967, Hanois communist leadership was growing impatient as well, and sought to strike a decisive blow aimed at forcing the better-supplied United States to give up hopes of success. The costs of the Vietnam War One of the most famous images of the war, nine-year-old Kim Phuc running from a napalm attack. Over the following years, additions to the list have brought the total past 58,200. The size of U.S. military spending is difficult to estimate in comparable terms. One of the striking aspects of American military power is how little serious attention is spent on examining the key elements of its total cost by war and mission, and the linkage between the use of resources and the presence of an effective strategy. By November 1967, the number of American troops in Vietnam was approaching 500,000, and U.S. casualties had reached 15,058 killed and 109,527 wounded. URL: https://alphahistory.com/vietnamwar/costs-of-the-vietnam-war/ Even as the enemy body count (at times exaggerated by U.S. and South Vietnamese authorities) mounted steadily, DRV and Viet Cong troops refused to stop fighting, encouraged by the fact that they could easily reoccupy lost territory with manpower and supplies delivered via the Ho Chi Minh Trail through Cambodia and Laos. Given the estimates that the real costs are already well over $4 trillion, these multipliers would be more than doubled if any of the alternative war costs cited earlier are correct. For other Americans, opposing the government was considered unpatriotic and treasonous. to the The total defense burden is projected to decline from 2.8% in FY2017 to 2.5% in FY2021 and FY2.3% in 2030. Its attempts at state-building failed utterly, beginning with its support for the post-war French colonial regime and its flawed choice of Ngo Dinh Diem as leader of South Vietnam, through to its propping up of Nguyen Van Thieu and the South Vietnamese Army (ARVN). Some argued that Americas violence against civilians in Vietnam from incidental killings to atrocities like My Lai and indiscriminate carpet bombing made the United States no better than the communist regimes it was seeking to contain. Here, simply seeing OCO spending data is essentially useless. The end result in both countries was a resurgence in threat capabilities that forced the U.S. to redeploygreatly increasing the marginal cost of the war. This meant that often wealthier men (who could afford college tuition) could avoid being sent to Vietnam, while men from poorer families could not avoid it. The American soldiers who returned as veterans of the Vietnam War faced their own personal challenges. This illustrates another critical failure in the preparation and review of both Baseline and War budgets. In view of the surprisingly good performance of the South Vietnamese army at Tet, and responding to growing pressure in the United States to begin a withdrawal of U.S. troops, the Nixon administration decided to accelerate a program to provide South Vietnam . The treaty also called for nationwide elections for reunification to be held in 1956. For the last several decades, there has been little real effort to examine the costs of key missions and strategic commitments and the longer term trends in force planning and cost. Many Americans simply chose not to speak of the Vietnam conflict, described by diplomat George Kennan as the most disastrous undertaking in 200 years of US history. The defeat in Vietnam, they argued, was a betrayal of the US military by civilian politicians. The vast exodus of refugees from Indochina led to humanitarian camps being set up in Hong Kong, Thailand, Malaysia and other Asian countries. Why did the United States become involved in Vietnam? You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser. One key element of any effective effort to cost a war should be to assess its casualties. Johnson was motivated by both domestic political and international balance of power considerations. Vietnam emerged from the war as a potent military power within Southeast Asia, but its agriculture, business, and industry were disrupted, large parts of its countryside were scarred by bombs and defoliation and laced with land mines, and its cities and towns were heavily damaged. Do you mean which of those statements is accurate on the death toll of both sides? The bombing was not limited to Vietnam; from 1964-1973, the United States covertly dropped two million tons of bombs on neighboring, neutral Laos during the CIA-led Secret War in Laos. As the war stretched on, some soldiers came to mistrust the governments reasons for keeping them there, as well as Washingtons repeated claims that the war was being won. More than 58,000 Americans died in Vietnam, and more than 150,000 were wounded. The human, environmental and economic costs of the Vietnam War were devastating. The status of the FY2018 OCO requests for DoD and State are now highly uncertain and these charts focus on FY2001-FY2017. What effect did Nixon's promise to unify the nation and restore law and order have on his . The next few years would bring even more carnage, including the horrifying revelation that U.S. soldiers had mercilessly slaughtered more than 400 unarmed civilians in the village of My Lai in March 1968. Direct link to PiggyCosette's post The government most likel, Posted 3 years ago. an estimated 25,000 American servicemen and 757,143 Vietnamese dead. 5. Even before the war had ended, Richard Nixon publicly declared the end of the Truman Doctrine. The United States pays $22 billion per year in war compensations to Vietnam veterans and their families. Reporting on the civil dimensions of war is often lacking, and the civil and military budgets of war are developed and implemented separately by the departments and then reviewed (if at all) by separate Armed Services and Foreign Affairs Committees in each house and by separate elements in the appropriations committees. Conservative estimates suggest the war claimed around 1.9 million Vietnamese lives, as well as the lives of 200,000 Cambodians and 100,000 Laotians. The North Vietnamese continued to insist on complete and unconditional U.S. withdrawalplus the ouster of U.S.-backed General Nguyen Van Thieuas conditions of peace, however, and as a result the peace talks stalled. Title: The costs of the Vietnam War United States Budgetary Costs and Human Costs of 20 Years of War in Iraq and Syria, 2003-2023. For more information, please visit our FAQ or Terms of Use. Almost two million refugees were eventually relocated to the US, Australia, Canada, France and other European countries. The War Powers Resolution The chart shows that the number of draftees _____ before the War Powers Resolution. It would take another 30 years and several million lives, including more than 58,000 Americans, before this dream became a reality. Would anyone know as to why it is called this? Vietnam Veterans Memorial, also called The Wall, national monument in Washington, D.C., honouring members of the U.S. armed forces who served and died in the Vietnam War (1955-75). The Fourth Taiwan Strait Crisis Continued? In the United States, the effects of the Vietnam War would linger long after the last troops returned home in 1973. This, in turn, creates a strong incentive to try to create effective local forces as soon as possible. Vietnam veterans in the US, Australia and other countries have suffered from increased rates of cancers and birth defects in their offspring. Vietnam veterans also had to contend with physical problems, such as the effects of chemical defoliants. Nixon ended draft calls in 1972, and instituted an all-volunteer army the following year. 834 E. Washington Ave., Suite 333 Madison, WI 53703, . Inscribed on the black granite walls are the names of more than 58,000 men and women who gave their lives or remain missing. Question 1: "did it seem like an utter waste of time and resources?" During one, on May 4, 1970, at Kent State University in Ohio, National Guardsmen shot and killed four students. The terms of this expansion included yet more funding and arms, but a key alteration was the commitment of U.S. soldiers to the region. The U.S. military has estimated that between 200,000 and 250,000 South Vietnamese soldiers died in the war. Vietnam was the first significant military defeat in US history and would shape American foreign policy for several years. Based on the current dollar value, the Vietnam War cost the equivalent of about $1 trillion. Working under the domino theory, which held that if one Southeast Asian country fell to communism, many other countries would follow, Kennedy increased U.S. aid, though he stopped short of committing to a large-scale military intervention. Wars cost money to fight, and the Civil War was no exception. The Department of Defense also provides a range of other metrics on U.S. activities, and a costing of air support activity, although these are not linked to the budget. Thousands of Vietnamese simply vanished, lost in thick jungle or tunnels, obliterated by bombs or incinerated by napalm. If the vietnam war was about the north spreading communism articles say that vietnam battled america instead of saying that the south battled the north alongside america , so is it saying that america fought the whole vietnam gov. All recent estimates show that the burden the Afghan and Iraq/Syria wars placed on the economy did not equal the burden that the peacetime Reagan build up created, and that the percentage has dropped sharply since most U.S. combat troops left Afghanistan and Iraq. Why are first-hand accounts important? Oh, I think that if you consider the Holocaust or the slaughters at the time of Indian partition, you might find things more horrible. The most important key figures provide you with a compact summary of the topic of "U . During the course of the conflict . Some of the papers from the archive of Daniel Ellsberg, who leaked the Pentagon Papers in 1971, Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), Jonathan Wiggs/The Boston Globe via Getty Images, https://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/vietnam-war-history. Lip service references to a "whole of government approach" thinly disguise a real-world separation of what should be a fully integrated civil-military approach, and what is really a "hole in government" approach where the State Department and USAID often seem at least partially decoupled from the realities of warfighting and the Department of Defense focuses on tactical success rather than the political, economic, or broader strategic goals in warfare. The French defeat at the Dien Bien Phu was followed by a peace conference in Geneva. The Wooden Horse: A Gift The U.S. Constitution grants Congress sole authority to issue declarations of war. The Special Inspector Generals also have not been tasked with addressing the overall cost of each conflict, the overall effectiveness of U.S. civil and military efforts, or the nature and success of U.S. plans and strategies. The human costs of the long conflict were harsh for all involved. The charts and tables in this section raise several key points about the need for better reporting on manpower: The State Department and USAID provide virtually no meaningful explanation of their strategy for either war, do not explain the challenges they face in meaningful terms, and do not link their budget justification to any clear explanation of a civil-military program. 10.5 times the IISS estimate of $58.9 billion for Russia, and 9.0 times the SIPIRI estimate of $69.2 billion. Johnson raised the number of South Vietnam deployments to 23,000 U.S. soldiers by the end of his first year in office. The nation spent more than $120 billion on the conflict in Vietnam from 1965-73; this massive spending led to widespread inflation, exacerbated by a worldwide oil crisis in 1973 and skyrocketing fuel prices. One of the most common defoliants used in Vietnam, Agent Orange, was later found to contain carcinogenic dioxins. The Vietnam War was a 19-year conflict involving Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. Direct link to Angela Hilario's post I've read that the Vietna, Posted 4 years ago. I have a question about the draft: how were the young man selected? $65.7 billion in FY2016 total budget authority and $41.2 billion in adjusted budget authority. Reporting by the Executive Branch seems almost designed to obscure the real costs of conflict, and avoid linking them to an examination of strategy, its effectiveness, and the prospects for conflict termination. In addition to this Vietnamization policy, Nixon continued public peace talks in Paris, adding higher-level secret talks conducted by Secretary of State Henry Kissinger beginning in the spring of 1968. The Congress has done no better. Many American Vietnam veterans struggled to readjust to civilian life, suffering from psychological effects, increased risk of suicide and increased rates of cancer, possibly caused by exposure to defoliants. The Vietnam War (also known by other names) was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 . they worked together but the north attacked areas around the the first 3 sectors of vietnam like the DMZ, the highlands and around saigon. In 1970, a joint U.S-South Vietnamese operation invaded Cambodia, hoping to wipe out DRV supply bases there. This was 161% of the $560.7 billion Baseline that include base, defense-related nuclear and other related budget costs. Per capita GDP as of 2013 was $2,073, with an unemployment rate of just 2.1% and a poverty rate of 13.5%. Agent Orange not only effected Vietcong but also US Infantry so that was more horrid than anything I could think of of. Kennedys expansion stemmed in part from Cold War-era fears about the domino theory: if communism took hold in Vietnam, it would topple democracies throughout the whole of Southeast Asia, it was thought. I can only speak for myself. By 2014, almost 100,000 veterans had taken their own lives. Direct link to William H's post At the time of Vietnam th, Posted 7 years ago. The Wars End. Political turbulence there and two alleged North Vietnamese attacks on U.S. naval vessels spurred Johnson to demand the passage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution in 1964. The United States committed some 550,000 troops to the Vietnam front at the height of the conflict, suffered more than 58,000 casualties, and engaged in battle after battle with communist forces in the region until its withdrawal in 1973. OMB tables for FY2017 show total cost of homeland defense for all Departments and agencies was $71.8 billion in FY2015, $72.9 billion with supplemental, $71.7 billion in FY2016, and $70.5 billion in FY2017. It is particularly unrealistic because this assumption is critical to estimating steady reduction in military spending, sizing the impact of rising entitlement and mandatory budget costs, and the size of the deficit. Reports of the Tet Offensive stunned the U.S. public, however, especially after news broke that Westmoreland had requested an additional 200,000 troops, despite repeated assurances that victory in the Vietnam War was imminent. February 18, 2018. See answer Advertisement gavrielle Answer: People could not get shelter, resources they needed to survive. It examines the limits in these data, the risks they impose, and possible ways of correcting current problems. Not until 1995 did Vietnam release its official estimate of war dead: as many as 2 million civilians on both sides and some 1.1 million North Vietnamese and Viet Cong fighters. 2023 Center for Strategic & International Studies. In December 1960, Diems many opponents within South Vietnamboth communist and non-communistformed the National Liberation Front (NLF) to organize resistance to the regime. More than two decades of violent conflict had inflicted a devastating toll on Vietnams population: After years of warfare, an estimated 2 million Vietnamese were killed, while 3 million were wounded and another 12 million became refugees. In addition to the United States, South Korea, Thailand, Australia and New Zealand also committed troops to fight in South Vietnam (albeit on a much smaller scale). Seeking to regain control of the region, France backed Emperor Bao and set up the state of Vietnam in July 1949, with the city of Saigon as its capital. A related estimate by the Watson Institute puts the cost at $4.8 trillion through FY2016. Homeland defense has become more expensive than any ongoing U.S. war or active combat effort. These chemicals also had an insidious impact on both Vietnamese civilians and American soldiers and their allies. The Vietnam War and active U.S. involvement in the war began in 1954, though ongoing conflict in the region had stretched back several decades. If these alternative estimatesand many othersare taken into account, it is all too clear that the United States now has no official estimate of the cost of its wars. Citation information The bombing campaign was meant to disrupt the flow of supplies across the Ho Chi Minh trail into Vietnam and to prevent the rise of the Pathet Lao, or Lao communist forces. They also reflect the fact that fact that the DoD began to avoid the budget caps established by the Budget Control Act from FY2014 onwards by including them in the Afghan War OCO account. The Allies promised Vietnam freedom from French enslavement if they would help fight the Japanese. Even if one uses the higher estimate of military spending used by Todd Harrison, the total is now under 6.0%. The invasion of these countries, in violation of international law, sparked a new wave of protests on college campuses across America. Military history is often the history of force quality defeating force quantity, and strategies and dollar spending need to be validated by explaining the role and function of deployed personnel. Which is correct? Confidence in the Domino Theory was undermined, if not destroyed. Were LBJ and Nixon bad decision makers or was it just too much to handle? Between two million and three million people are believed to have fled these countries in the aftermath of the Vietnam War. It establishes a seemingly Date updated: December 20, 2022 In contrast, critics on the political right argued the Vietnam War had been winnable but was lost by politicians who restricted terms of engagement, refused to authorise more firepower (including the use of tactical nuclear weapons) and left the army short of men and supplies. The bombing. The two countries finally resumed formal diplomatic relations in 1995. military knowledge. 4. Germany, and the U.K. The economic impact of the war was felt in both nations, especially Vietnam, where years of sustained American bombing and defoliation caused inestimable damage to farmland and infrastructure. Date published: July 3, 2019 Vietnam, a nation in Southeast Asia on the eastern edge of the Indochinese peninsula, had been under French colonial rule since the 19th century. Which best describes the cost of the Vietnam War in human terms? NARA Resources Core Collections on the Vietnam War From the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, "This guide summarizes core holdings on: the war in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos especially during the Nixon and Ford administrations; the flight of refugees from Indochina after April 1975 and the admittance of many to the United States; the accounting of U.S. armed forces MIAs and More than 3 million people (including over 58,000 Americans) were killed in the Vietnam War, and more than half of the dead were Vietnamese civilians. Given the costs omitted from the OCO budget, the real total cost will almost certainly be well over $2 trillion, even using OCO data as the only costs of the wars. The effort to create meaningful Future Year Defense Programs seem to have been given a final death blow by the Budget Control Act (BCA)legislation originally designed to be so stupid that the Congress could not possibly accept it. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. He died of cancer at 44. In 1910, Japanese armies conquered Korea and occupied it until their defeat in 1945 at the end of World War II. It was 146% of the $619.7 billion total ($560.7 Baseline plus the $58.8 billion in OCO costs). How did the American public react when they heard the news? Summary: Between 1945 and 1954, the Vietnamese waged an anti-colonial war against France, which received $2.6 billion in financial support from the United States. With his approval ratings dropping in an election year, Johnson called a halt to bombing in much of North Vietnam (though bombings continued in the south) and promised to dedicate the rest of his term to seeking peace rather than reelection. answer choices He believed it was the duty of the United States to assist all nations in need. Corrections? The Vietnam War was fought for civilians, by civilians and among civilians and the majority of casualties were civilians. Copyright: The content on this page may not be republished without our express permission. At another protest 10 days later, two students at Jackson State University in Mississippi were killed by police. Johnsons new tack, laid out in a March 1968 speech, met with a positive response from Hanoi, and peace talks between the U.S. and North Vietnam opened in Paris that May. On November 15, 1969, the largest anti-war demonstration in American history took place in Washington, D.C., as over 250,000 Americans gathered peacefully, calling for withdrawal of American troops from Vietnam. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . He received his B.A. Congress soon passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which gave Johnson broad war-making powers, and U.S. planes began regular bombing raids, codenamed Operation Rolling Thunder, the following year. or did they just enlist and were picked randomly? In September 1945, Ho Chi Minh proclaimed the birth of an independent Vietnam. This has been grossly unrealistic since the late 1930s. At the time of Vietnam there was also a large student population that resisted being sent as well as a draft. OMB does not report total costs of homeland defense for all departments in the FY2018 budget request for unexplained reasons. This section updates part of another CRS studyone by Stephen Daggetthat attempted to cost past American wars from the American Revolution through the Persian Gulf War, and the early phases of the conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq. South Vietnam was a viable nation-state by 1972, afflicted by internal armed opposition but not overwhelmed by it. They make a striking contrast to the total OCO costs. All articles are regularly reviewed and updated by the HISTORY.com team. The United States has been actively in combat since late 2001, and there is little prospect that it can end the need to use force to check terrorism and violent extremism within the next decade. This website is created and maintained by Alpha History. Direct link to Jeff Kelman's post How come there was a "Vie, Posted 7 years ago. The Congress has also created a Special Inspector General for Iraq (SIGIR) and then a Special Inspector General for Afghanistan (SIGAR). By 1969 more than 500,000 U.S. military personnel were stationed in Vietnam. A top-secret Department of Defense study of U.S. political and military involvement in Vietnam from 1945 to 1967 was published in the New York Times in 1971shedding light on how the Nixon administration ramped up conflict in Vietnam. Which best describes the cost of the Vietnam War in human terms? Who betrayed Esugei and left Genghis Khans family behind? What does human cost mean? The number of civilians killed ranges from 627,000 to two million. The difficulties in defining military expenditures do create differences in estimates of the percent of GDP, but they are comparatively minor. Meanwhile, the Soviet Union and China poured weapons, supplies, and advisers into the North, which in turn provided support, political direction, and regular combat troops for the campaign in the South. About us; Stories and Resources . The United States had provided funding, armaments, and training to South Vietnams government and military since Vietnams partition into the communist North and the democratic South in 1954. The United States defeat in Vietnam led to a period of despondency in America. In 1982 the Vietnam Veterans Memorial was dedicated in Washington, D.C., inscribed with the names of 57,939 members of U.S. armed forces who had died or were missing as a result of the war. lipscomb honor roll fall 2020, cicely tyson cause of death tmz,

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